kitchen talk: Nuclear, again? Political narratives on the future of energy supply in Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia

Background and context

In October 2024, Kazakhstan held a referendum on constructing its first nuclear power plant, with an exit poll indicating 69.8% voter approval. This decision reflects a significant shift in energy policy, considering Kazakhstan's history as a former Soviet nuclear testing ground.

Following the results of a referendum, Russia continues to strengthen its energy ties within the region, with President Putin's visit to Kazakhstan focusing on enhancing cooperation in the nuclear sector. This includes potential involvement in new nuclear projects, reflecting Russia's broader strategy to expand its nuclear footprint in Central Asia and the Balkans. 

But not only the EECCA region, the global energy landscape is witnessing a renewed interest in nuclear power as a low-carbon energy source. The Tony Blair Institute highlighted that unfounded public concerns post-Chernobyl have hindered nuclear expansion, potentially impacting global carbon emission reduction efforts. At the same time, in February 2025 reports indicated that a Russian drone struck the protective shell of Chernobyl's Reactor 4, causing damage but no change in radiation levels. This incident underscores the ongoing vulnerabilities associated with nuclear sites in conflict zones.

Why do countries like Kazakhstan and Ukraine not shy away from nuclear energy, despite the disastrous experience they look back upon? Is nuclear technology Russia’s new tool to regain dominance over the region – and if so, why do governments still agree to cooperate with Russia? What are the main obstacles preventing governments in the region to invest into renewable energies that do not only provide clean energy but also more independence from Russia?